The Era of Prehistory

What is Prehistory?

Prehistory refers to the time before recorded history and the invention of writing systems. This period encompasses millions of years of human existence and includes significant developments in human culture, technology, art, and social structures.

Divisions of Prehistory

Prehistory is commonly divided into three main periods:

• Stone Age: This is the longest phase of prehistory, where early humans primarily used stone tools. It is further divided into the Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age), and Neolithic (New Stone Age).
• Bronze Age: Characterized by the development of metalworking techniques, particularly the use of copper and tin to create bronze tools and weapons. This period saw significant advancements in agriculture and trade.
• Iron Age: This period marked the widespread use of iron, leading to stronger tools and weapons. It is often associated with the rise of complex societies and early forms of governance.

Significant Developments

During prehistory, several key developments laid the foundation for modern civilization:

1. Tool Making: Early humans created and utilized various tools from stone and later metals, which greatly enhanced their ability to hunt, gather, and eventually farm.
2. Art and Expression: Prehistoric people created cave paintings, carvings, and sculptures, reflecting their beliefs, lifestyles, and environments. Notable sites include Lascaux in France and Altamira in Spain.
3. Social Structures: As human groups settled and began to farm, complex societies emerged, leading to the development of social hierarchies and early forms of government.
4. Domestication of Animals and Plants: The transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled agriculture included the domestication of key species, which facilitated food production and population growth.

Archaeological Discoveries

Archaeologists continue to uncover evidence of prehistoric life, providing insights into human evolution and cultural development. Some notable archaeological sites include:

• Stonehenge (England): A prehistoric monument that has sparked numerous theories about its purpose and construction methods.
• Göbekli Tepe (Turkey): Considered one of the oldest temples, this site demonstrates advanced social organization among hunter-gatherers.
• Çatalhöyük (Turkey): An ancient settlement that offers insights into early agricultural and communal living.